Eternal lands nexus hydro trader1/9/2024 Most urban nexus studies focused on the interactions of the two among food, energy, and water (FEW) flows within the economic system (Zhang et al., 2019 a Newell and Ramaswami, 2020). The nexus approach, also considering the interconnections among different resources in the study of resource metabolism flows, is widely used to assess the relationship among different resources whose dynamics are interrelated (Liu et al., 2018). This is why analysing multiple resource flows of a city's economic system, considering both direct and indirect flows within a multiscale economy, is regarded as an essential means of urban resource management (White et al., 2018). Therefore, effective resource management for EWL in megacities is urgent and necessary.ĮWL resources are interconnected and intertwined with each other in the existing dynamics of urban economic system. The consumption of resources, especially triggered by megacities, can accelerate the crossing of the existing planetary boundaries, making it challenging to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Hoff et al., 2012 Steffen et al., 2015 Lade et al., 2020). The trans-boundary interactions of resources generate several environmental impacts linked to global supply chains and accelerate the existing urban issues expanding from local to global scales (Kennedy et al., 2007 Elmqvist et al., 2021). For example, in Beijing and Shanghai, 72%–77%, 87%–92%, and 95%–99% of the final demand-driven EWL resources were supplied from outside their administrative boundaries, of which over 50% came from domestic regions (Meng et al., 2022). On the other hand, the sheer size and complexity of megacities make them dependent on resources outside their boundaries to sustain the urban economic development (Kennedy et al., 2015) and become consumption-oriented. For example, China has 7 of the world's 34 megacities (UN-Habitat, 2020). On the one hand, megacities concentrate 9% of the world's population and generate 35% of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (MDS, 2019). Particulary for the megacities with more than 10 million inhabitants, there are greater challenges. Cities, as hotspots of resource consumption, while occupying only 3% of the Earth's land surface, consume 60%–80% of the global energy supply (UN-Habitat, 2017) and 31% of global freshwater withdrawals (FAO, 2015 Larsen et al., 2016). These sectoral-based analyses can support industrial restructuring and collaborative management of EWL resources for future urban development.Įnergy, water, and land (EWL) are precious and finite resources for urban development (Howells et al., 2013). The obtained results proved that this framework could constitute a solid foundation for assessing the cross-sectoral, in- and trans-boundary EWL nexus of critical sectors centred on cities. By contrast, Chongqing's embodied water and land flows in the agriculture sector relied more on local (in-boundary) supply. These sectors mostly relied on domestic imports for the four megacities. The agriculture and food sectors were the major consumption-based water and land consumers. In particular, the sectors of construction, electricity, gas & water, and others were the main consumption-based energy consumers. Results showed that the top-consuming sectors of EWL were heterogeneous and the impacts of urban consumption-oriented behaviour extended beyond the urban boundaries. We applied this approach to a comparative study of four Chinese megacities in different economic sectors. This study introduced an urban ternary multidimensional nexus (UTMDN) framework for modelling complex urban EWL nexus, connecting in- and trans-boundary interactions by the environmental extended multiscale input–output (EE-MSIO) model. Previous studies lacked a general framework and a deeply cross-sectoral analysis that simultaneously considered all the sectors within the urban economic system of multiple resources. Energy, water, and land (EWL) are finite, critical, and intertwined resources in urban system, and the resource management of EWL plays a key part in urban sustainable development.
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